Lesson 1 · Windows 10 Basics

Hardware Essentials: Know Your PC Before You Operate It

Learn the physical components of a Windows computer, why they matter, and how to identify or maintain them safely.

1. Host Components · “The Brain & Workbench”

CPU (Central Processing Unit) executes every instruction—think of it as the “brain”. RAM is the temporary workspace; the more you have, the more apps can stay responsive simultaneously. Together they determine responsiveness.

How to check CPU/RAM info

  1. Right-click This PC · choose Properties.
  2. Under Device specifications read the processor + installed RAM.
  3. Optional: Press Ctrl + Shift + Esc → Task Manager → Performance tab for live usage.

Upgrades usually target RAM first for budget machines because it delivers instant multitasking gains.

CPU and RAM illustration

Illustration: CPU socket (center) & dual RAM slots (right).

2. Input Devices · “How You Talk to the PC”

Main input hardware includes the mouse, keyboard, touchpad, microphone, scanner, webcam, and drawing tablet. Each converts your gestures or voice into commands.

Mouse maintenance steps

  1. Unplug or turn off the mouse.
  2. Use a microfiber cloth around the sensor; avoid liquids.
  3. For wireless, replace or recharge batteries monthly.
  4. Open Settings > Devices > Mouse to customize scroll speed.

Keyboard shortcuts to remember

  • Ctrl + C / V / X – Copy / paste / cut.
  • Ctrl + Z – Undo last action.
  • Win + Space – Switch input languages.
  • Win + L – Lock screen instantly.

3. Output Devices · “How the PC Talks Back”

Displays, printers, speakers, and headsets transform processed data into visuals or sound. Ensure the correct driver and cable type (HDMI/DP) for optimal clarity.

Printer connection steps (USB)

  1. Connect printer via USB cable and power it on.
  2. Windows auto-installs drivers; if not, go to Settings > Devices > Printers.
  3. Click Add a printer, follow wizard, print test page.
Monitor and printer

4. Storage · “Your Warehouse”

Use portable hard drives for full backups and USB flash drives for short transfers. Always eject safely to prevent corruption.

Backup routine

  • Plug in the drive → open File History (Settings > Update & Security > Backup).
  • Select the drive, enable automatic hourly backups.
  • Label drives (e.g., “Photos Backup”) to avoid mix-ups.
External storage devices

5. Network & Ports · “Staying Connected”

Modern PCs bundle Wi-Fi, Ethernet, Bluetooth, HDMI, USB-A/C, and combo audio jacks. Knowing each port prevents wrong plug-ins.

Quick diagnostics

  1. Wi-Fi: Click taskbar globe icon → choose SSID → enter password.
  2. Ethernet: Ensure RJ45 clicks in; check router lights.
  3. Audio jack: Green = headphones, Pink = mic (desktop), combo jack on laptops.
  4. HDMI: Use quality cable for 1080p/4K monitors; tighten if flickering.
PC ports layout